Negative Polarity Items in non-negative contexts Â
The project aims to reconcile conventional assumptions regarding the licensing of Negative Polarity Items (NPIs) with observed exceptions, with a focus on English, German, and Romanian. The initial hypothesis posits that weak NPIs necessitate at least a weak licenser in the at-issue meaning, while strong NPIs require a strong licenser, which may appear in either the at-issue or non-at-issue content. The project’s empirical approach will combine quantitative and qualitative data analyses, including acceptability judgments. The ultimate objective is to develop an empirically grounded theory of NPI licensing within a constraint-based grammar framework.Â
More about our project
Individual project page
NPI resource
External co-operation partners:
Gianina Iordăchioaia (Graz)
Monica-Mihaela Rizea (Bucharest)Â
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Publications
2026
Levine, R. D.; Richter, F.; Sailer, M.
Formal semantics: An empirically based approach Book Forthcoming
LangSci Press., Forthcoming.
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title = {Formal semantics: An empirically based approach},
author = {R. D. Levine and F. Richter and M. Sailer},
year = {2026},
date = {2026-07-01},
publisher = {LangSci Press.},
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pubstate = {forthcoming},
tppubtype = {book}
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Sailer, Manfred
Semantik und Pragmatik (WSK 10) Book Chapter Forthcoming
In: Gutzmann, D.; Turgay, K.; Zimmermann, T. E. (Ed.): Chapter [Multiple entries], De Gruyter Brill, Forthcoming.
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title = {Semantik und Pragmatik (WSK 10)},
author = {Manfred Sailer},
editor = {D. Gutzmann and K. Turgay and T. E. Zimmermann },
year = {2026},
date = {2026-07-01},
publisher = {De Gruyter Brill},
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2025
Sailer, Manfred
Horn clauses and strict NPIs under negated matrix clauses Conference
2025.
@conference{nokey,
title = {Horn clauses and strict NPIs under negated matrix clauses},
author = {Manfred Sailer},
year = {2025},
date = {2025-00-00},
urldate = {2025-00-00},
journal = {31st International Conference on Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar },
pages = {152–172},
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2024
Sailer, Manfred
Horn clauses and strict NPIs under negated matrix clauses Journal Article
In: hpsg, 2024, ISSN: 1535-1793.
@article{Sailer2024,
title = {Horn clauses and strict NPIs under negated matrix clauses},
author = {Manfred Sailer},
doi = {10.21248/hpsg.2024.10},
issn = {1535-1793},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-10-15},
urldate = {2024-10-15},
journal = {hpsg},
publisher = {University Library J. C. Senckenberg},
abstract = {<jats:p>
The present paper makes four main contributions: First, it argues for a surface-scope oriented approach to phenomena that have been considered strong arguments against a surface scope of negation: the licensing of embedded strict Negative Polarity Items (NPIs) and embedded Negative Inversion (i.e. Horn clauses). Second, this surface-scope analysis is expressed within existing HPSG analyses of NPI licensing and Negative Inversion. Third, the strict/non-strict distinction of NPIs is reduced to universal vs. existential quantification over the licensing requirement within a semantic representation. Fourth, Negative Inversion is analyzed as a constructional NPI. The existence of constructional NPIs should not be surprising, but no such example has been previously discussed in HPSG to my knowledge.</jats:p>},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
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The present paper makes four main contributions: First, it argues for a surface-scope oriented approach to phenomena that have been considered strong arguments against a surface scope of negation: the licensing of embedded strict Negative Polarity Items (NPIs) and embedded Negative Inversion (i.e. Horn clauses). Second, this surface-scope analysis is expressed within existing HPSG analyses of NPI licensing and Negative Inversion. Third, the strict/non-strict distinction of NPIs is reduced to universal vs. existential quantification over the licensing requirement within a semantic representation. Fourth, Negative Inversion is analyzed as a constructional NPI. The existence of constructional NPIs should not be surprising, but no such example has been previously discussed in HPSG to my knowledge.</jats:p>
Hohmann, P.
The landscape of Negative Polarity Items: In search of a distributional correlate to acceptability clusters Diploma Thesis
Goethe University Frankfurt, 2024.
@diplomathesis{nokey,
title = {The landscape of Negative Polarity Items: In search of a distributional correlate to acceptability clusters},
author = {P. Hohmann},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-01-01},
school = {Goethe University Frankfurt},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
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Project Leaders

Apl. Prof. Frank Richter
Dep. of English and American Studies, GU Frankfurt

Prof. Manfred Sailer
Dep. of English and American Studies, GU Frankfurt
Research Areas
Negative polarity items, corpus linguistics, database, non-at-issue semantics, HPSGÂ
